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Abstract: In 2002 and 2003, a rescue excavation along the route of the future motorway was carried out at Spodnje Škofije near Koper (Slovenia), at an archeological site named Križišče ('Crossroad'). Part of a Roman burial ground beside the Roman road (via Flavia Tergeste-Pola) was investigated. One of the cremation graves (no. 152) included an excellently preserved clay oil lamp with a representation of a glass furnace. The motif is the same as that on the only two other oil lamps depicting a glass furnace known so far - from Asseria (modern Benkovac, in Croatia) and Ferrara (in Italy). The new oil lamp has a disc decorated with a relief showing a glass furnace and to the left and right of it a glass-worker, one of whom is engaged in blowing while the other assists at the furnace. The representation is excellent and very well preserved, so that many details which are blurred in the other two lamps can be seen clearly. In the center is the furnace, divided into two sections. The lower one obviously serves as stoke hole; the opening is hatched diagonally. The upper section of the furnace has a larger aperture, of semi-circular form. This was used for scooping molten glass out of the melting pot. Inside the reliefline surrounding the upper opening or door appears a V-shaped object turned upside down. Possibly this schematic sketch draws attention to the working port's small door or fireguard which closed the working port while work was in progress. On the left and right in the upper part two small shelves or working surfaces are shown. The right one can be interpreted as the working surface or slab on which the glass blower rolled a glass post. The right-hand figure sits on a low stool beside the furnace, dressed in a short tunic. He is barefoot, as can be seen by the shortslanting incisions at the front of his foot. On the floor lie three objects, which can probably be interpreted as raw glass or waste material formed during his work. The person's head is raised and ready to blow into the pipe which he holds inclined in front of him. This is elliptically broadened at the end and draws attention to the oblong, rather big object that the glass-worker is blowing. The blowpipe is less than a metre long and looks quite robust. We can also observe, that something is attached to the underside of the pipe. If the blowpipe is not made of metal, but of clay, the long narrow strip tied to it may have served to reinforce the pipe while the glassblower blew a large, heavy object. The figure on the left side of the furnace seems to be squatting next to the furnace. He has a short object in his hands, placed upright. Colud it be a 'pointed' belows of the vertical type depicted on several Roman monuments depicting a smith at work? In that case, the strange, triangular shelf seen on the left side of the furnace probably represents the support for the belows. The oil lamp from the grave in Slovenia is by far the best preserved of all three lamps. Considering the composition and modest extent of the grave goods, this grave can be placed in the second half of the 1st century or perhaps also at the beginning of the 2nd century.
Keywords: rimska doba, Spodnje Škofije, steklarstvo, oljenke, steklarska peč, pihanje stekla
Published in RUP: 10.07.2015; Views: 3942; Downloads: 37
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Keywords: javna naročila prehrambenih izdelkov
Published in RUP: 10.07.2015; Views: 1885; Downloads: 34
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Abstract: The forum of the Roman Celeia had for long years been a topic of different theories and hypotheses and is still only partly researched (Lazar, 2003, 469). Its position was questionable and indeterminable for several centuries. Some even thought that the forum had not been in the same place the whole time and that its position had changed during the development of the town. A review of older finds and information, as well as archaeological investigation in the last decades, have shown that the centre of the Roman Celeia was based in the south-western part of town (Lazar, 2002, 85; Krempuš et al., 2005). In this district the architectural remains showed a characteristic Roman urban scheme with larger residential complexes - insulae, atrium housing and furnishing according to Italic models (Lazar 2008, 54). The forum space as the most important temple and civil centre of the Roman town also belonged to such a clearly defined urban concept. Speculations and conclusions about the position of the forum (Lazar, 2002, 85; 2003, 469) were confirmed by georadar measurements and rescue sounding by the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage's regional office Celje (fig. 1) in 2002 (Krempuš et al., 2005, 210). Measurements showed that the open forum space measured 180 x 360 paces and was probably surrounded by porticoes from the north and south, while the main temple lay in the west; the forum space was delimited in the south by the main radial road (decumanus) in east-west direction and in the east by the main road (cardo) in the north-south direction, which was decorated by porticoes (Lazar, 2002, 78, fig. 9; Krempuš et al. 2005, 212). The centre of the Roman Celeia lay directly next to the intersection of two main city communication routes. More about its appearance and architectural furnishing can be deduced from finds: architectural elements, reliefs and remains of detached statuary, which can be assumed to have decorated the forum complex as part of its public (area publica) and sacral area (area sacra). In the defence wall that the city received in Late Antiquity the remains of numerous reliefs, inscriptions and parts of full-figured statuary were immured. Two armoured statues that were hewn into torsos probably decorated the forum during the town's greatest prosperity. The quality of their making suggests that these were probably imperial statues (fig. 2). Monumental bronze statuary was also counted among public monuments. From Celje a bronze horse hoof is known (fig. 3), part of a monumental bronze statue. Numerous reliefs with images of deities and mythological creatures, which reflected the messages of the imperial cult, also belonged to the forum's decoration. The Celje lapidary keeps reliefs with depictions of the heads of Jupiter Amon, Medusa and Acheloos (Lazar, 2003,469; Casari, 2004, 132), which, according to their siye, making and quality, show that they were part of the same architecture (fig. 4). These arepieces that could have decorated the front of the portico or constituted part of the top railing on the wall delimiting the temple space of the forum from the civil, i.e. the temporal space. The western part of Celeia's forum was intended for the temple space. This is where the main city temple - probably the temple of the Capitoline Triad stood, devoted to the highest Roman deities Jupiter, Junona and Minerva. During excavations in 1898 (Riedl, 1900; Lazar, 1997, 159) workers stumbled upon marble entablature with rosette ornamentation, stylized acanthus and other vegetal elements; they can be defined as parts of the temple or the colonnade around the temple (fig. 5, 6). Remains of monumental statuary, parts of larger than life statues, were discovered already in the 18th century. Parts of an arm, knee, thigh and curlyhead from white marble belonged to different statuary (fig. 7-8), but, according to their dimensions, to statues two- or several times larger than life. The knee and part of the shin are most probably part of a sitting statue- perhaps Jupiter, who is usually depicted sitting in his throne. A delicate curved hand could have belonged to a female deity. Perhaps it formed a whole with a large female head (fig. 9, 10), which is kept in the depot of the Regional museum Celje and belonged to a statue of one of Jupiter's companions in the forum temple, Minerva or Junona. Of almost the same dimensions is the curly head of a young man, which, due to his youthful appearance, was soon given the name Apollo (fig. 11). Where this statue stood and to which deity it belonged is not clear, perhaps it was part of the temple in the south-east corner of town. Of course, we can also ask ourselves, whether the main temple in Celeia was truly devoted to the Capitoline triad or a place of worship of the imperial cult. The queries regarding the determination of Capitoline temples in Roman towns in the area of Croatia raised in recent times (Sinobad, 2008, 235) are worth examining and noting also in the case of Celeia. Considering this, the published material could have also been interpreted differently and at the same time the query to whom the so-called Herculesć temple with its dominant position over the town was really dedicated questioned anew. Of course, some of the presented conclusions and observations are still hypothetical. Nevertheless, the individual finds accumulated during the centuries, as also other unpublished finds are worth appraising in light of new research and their results. Especially the remains of monumental statuary, which is very rare and still in need of a wholistic review in Slovenia
Keywords: Celje, forumi, kapitolij, imperialni kult, reliefni okras, religija
Published in RUP: 10.07.2015; Views: 3707; Downloads: 36
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Keywords: politika zaposlovanja, ocenjevanje, vzročnost
Published in RUP: 10.07.2015; Views: 2047; Downloads: 103
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Keywords: sexuality, sexual revolution, modern societies, sexual culture, sexual intercourse
Published in RUP: 10.07.2015; Views: 2908; Downloads: 33
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