51. On 2-fold covers of graphsYan-Quan Feng, Klavdija Kutnar, Aleksander Malnič, Dragan Marušič, 2008, original scientific article Abstract: A regular covering projection ▫$\wp : \widetilde{X} \to X$▫ of connected graphs is ▫$G$▫-admissible if ▫$G$▫ lifts along ▫$\wp$▫. Denote by ▫$\tilde{G}$▫ the lifted group, and let CT▫$(\wp)$▫ be the group of covering transformations. The projection is called ▫$G$▫-split whenever the extension ▫{$\mathrm{CT}}(\wp) \to \tilde{G} \to G$▫ splits. In this paper, split 2-covers are considered, with a particular emphasis given to cubic symmetric graphs. Supposing that ▫$G$▫ is transitive on ▫$X$▫, a ▫$G$▫-split cover is said to be ▫$G$▫-split-transitive if all complements ▫$\tilde{G} \cong G$▫ of CT▫$(\wp)$▫ within ▫$\tilde{G}$▫ are transitive on ▫$\widetilde{X}$▫; it is said to be ▫$G$▫-split-sectional whenever for each complement ▫$\tilde{G}$▫ there exists a ▫$\tilde{G}$▫-invariant section of ▫$\wp$▫; and it is called ▫$G$▫-split-mixed otherwise. It is shown, when ▫$G$▫ is an arc-transitive group, split-sectional and split-mixed 2-covers lead to canonical double covers. Split-transitive covers, however, are considerably more difficult to analyze. For cubic symmetric graphs split 2-cover are necessarily canonical double covers (that is, no ▫$G$▫-split-transitive 2-covers exist) when ▫$G$▫ is 1-regular or 4-regular. In all other cases, that is, if ▫$G$▫ is ▫$s$▫-regular, ▫$s=2,3$▫ or ▫$5$▫, a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a transitive complement ▫$\tilde{G}$▫ is given, and moreover, an infinite family of split-transitive 2-covers based on the alternating groups of the form ▫$A_{12k+10}$▫ is constructed. Finally, chains of consecutive 2-covers, along which an arc-transitive group ▫$G$▫ has successive lifts, are also considered. It is proved that in such a chain, at most two projections can be split. Further, it is shown that, in the context of cubic symmetric graphs, if exactly two of them are split, then one is split-transitive and the other one is either split-sectional or split-mixed.
Keywords: graph theory, graphs, cubic graphs, symmetric graphs, ▫$s$▫-regular group, regular covering projection
Published in RUP: 15.10.2013; Views: 3765; Downloads: 34
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52. Distance-regular Cayley graphs on dihedral groupsŠtefko Miklavič, Primož Potočnik, 2007, original scientific article Abstract: The main result of this article is a classification of distance-regular Cayley graphs on dihedral groups. There exist four obvious families of such graphs, which are called trivial. These are: complete graphs, complete bipartite graphs, complete bipartite graphs with the edges of a 1-factor removed, and cycles. It is proved that every non-trivial distance-regular Cayley graph on a dihedral group is bipartite, non-antipodal, has diameter 3 and arises either from a cyclic di#erence set, or possibly (if any such exists) from a dihedral difference set satisfying some additional conditions. Finally, all distance-transitive Cayley graphs on dihedral groups are determined. It transpires that a Cayley graph on a dihedral group is distance-transitive if and only if it is trivial, or isomorphic to the incidence or to the non-incidence graph of a projective space ▫$\mathrm{PG}_{d-1} (d,q)$▫, ▫$d \ge 2$▫, or the unique pair of complementary symmetric designs on 11 vertices.
Keywords: mathematics, grah theory, distance-regular graph, distance-transitive graph, Cayley graph, dihedral group, dihedrant, difference set
Published in RUP: 15.10.2013; Views: 3156; Downloads: 99
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56. Large sets of long distance equienergetic graphsDragan Stevanović, 2009, original scientific article Abstract: Distance energy of a graph is a recent energy-type invariant, defined as the absolute deviation of the eigenvalues of the distance matrix of the graph. Two graphs of the same order are said to be distance equienergetic if they have equal distance energy, while they have distinct spectra of their distance matrices. Examples of pairs of distance equienergetic graphs appear in the literature already, but most of them have diameter two only. We describe here the distance spectrum of a special composition of regular graphs, and, as an application, we show that for any ▫$n \ge 3$▫, there exists a set of ▫$n + 1$▫ distance equienergetic graphs which have order ▫$6n$▫ and diameter ▫$n - 1$▫ each.
Keywords: graph theory, distance spectrum, distance energy, join, regular graphs
Published in RUP: 15.10.2013; Views: 3672; Downloads: 137
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57. On the connectivity of bipartite distance-balanced graphsŠtefko Miklavič, Primož Šparl, 2012, original scientific article Abstract: A connected graph ▫$\varGamma$▫ is said to be distance-balanced whenever for any pair of adjacent vertices ▫$u,v$▫ of ▫$\varGamma$▫ the number of vertices closer to ▫$u$▫ than to ▫$v$▫ is equal to the number of vertices closer to ▫$v$▫ than to ▫$u$▫. In [K. Handa, Bipartite graphs with balanced ▫$(a,b)$▫-partitions, Ars Combin. 51 (1999), 113-119] Handa asked whether every bipartite distance-balanced graph, that is not a cycle, is 3-connected. In this paper the Handa question is answered in the negative. Moreover, we show that a minimal bipartite distance-balanced graph, that is not a cycle and is not 3-connected, has 18 vertices and is unique. In addition, we give a complete classification of non-3-connected bipartite distance-balanced graphs for which the minimal distance between two vertices in a 2-cut is three. All such graphs are regular and for each ▫$k \geq 3$▫ there exists an infinite family of such graphs which are ▫$k$▫-regular.Furthermore, we determine a number of structural properties that a bipartite distance-balanced graph, which is not 3-connected, must have. As an application, we give a positive answer to the Handa question for the subfamily of bipartite strongly distance-balanced graphs.
Keywords: graph theory, connected graphs, connectivity, distance-balanced graphs, bipartite graphs
Published in RUP: 15.10.2013; Views: 3406; Downloads: 96
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58. Leonard triples and hypercubesŠtefko Miklavič, 2007, original scientific article Abstract: Let ▫$V$▫ denote a vector space over ▫$\mathbb{C}$▫ with finite positive dimension. By a Leonard triple on ▫$V$▫ we mean an ordered triple of linear operators on ▫$V$▫ such that for each of these operators there exists a basis of ▫$V$▫ with respect to which the matrix representing that operator is diagonal and the matrices representing the other two operators are irreducible tridiagonal. Let ▫$D$▫ denote a positive integer and let ▫${\mathcal{Q}}_D$▫ denote the graph of the ▫$D$▫-dimensional hypercube. Let ▫$X$ denote the vertex set of ▫${\mathcal{Q}}_D$▫ and let ▫$A \in {\mathrm{Mat}}_X ({\mathbb{C}})$▫ denote the adjacency matrix of ▫${\mathcal{Q}}_D$▫. Fix ▫$x \in X$▫ and let ▫$A^\ast \in {\mathrm{Mat}}_X({\mathbb{C}})$▫ denote the corresponding dual adjacency matrix. Let ▫$T$▫ denote the subalgebra of ▫${\mathrm{Mat}}_X({\mathbb{C}})$ generated by ▫$A,A^\ast$▫. We refer to ▫$T$▫ as the Terwilliger algebra of ▫${\mathcal{Q}}_D$▫ with respect to ▫$x$▫. The matrices ▫$A$▫ and ▫$A^\ast$▫ are related by the fact that ▫$2iA = A^\ast A^\varepsilon - A^\varepsilon A^\ast$▫ and ▫$2iA^\ast = A^\varepsilon A - AA^\varepsilon$▫, where ▫$2iA^\varepsilon = AA^\ast - A^\ast A$▫ and ▫$i^2 = -1$▫. We show that the triple ▫$A$▫, ▫$A^\ast$▫, ▫$A^\varepsilon$▫ acts on each irreducible ▫$T$▫-module as a Leonard triple. We give a detailed description of these Leonard triples.
Keywords: mathematics, graph theory, Leonard triple, distance-regular graph, hypercube, Terwilliger algebra
Published in RUP: 15.10.2013; Views: 4094; Downloads: 121
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60. A note on a conjecture on consistent cyclesŠtefko Miklavič, 2013, original scientific article Abstract: Let ▫$\Gamma$▫ denote a finite digraph and let ▫$G$▫ be a subgroup of its automorphism group. A directed cycle ▫$\vec{C}$▫ of▫ $\Gamma$▫ is called ▫$G$▫-consistent whenever there is an element of ▫$G$▫ whose restriction to▫ $\vec{C}$▫ is the 1-step rotation of ▫$\vec{C}$▫. In this short note we provea conjecture on ▫$G$▫-consistent directed cycles stated by Steve Wilson.
Keywords: graph theory, digraphs, consistent directed cycles
Published in RUP: 15.10.2013; Views: 2710; Downloads: 124
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