20.500.12556/RUP-22829 Adherence and metabolic outcomes of early and late time-restricted eating with energy restriction vs. energy restriction alone a 6-month follow-up Background/Objectives: Long-term weight maintenance remains challenging with conventional dietary strategies due to various barriers. Time-restricted eating (TRE) has recently attracted attention as a potential approach to improve adherence, but evidence on long-term maintenance is limited. We investigated the 6-month follow-up (6FU) of early time-restricted eating with energy restriction (eTRE + ER), late time-restricted eating with energy restriction (lTRE + ER) and energy restriction alone (ER). Methods: This 6FU included 69 of 93 participants from a previously conducted 3-month intervention (3INT). After the intervention, participants returned to free-living conditions without dietary guidance. Outcomes included adherence, perceived barriers, body composition, blood pressure, cardiometabolic risk factors, metabolic hormones, subjective appetite, and dietary intake. Results: Adherence of at least ≥5 days per week was low: 7.7% (eTRE + ER), 18.2% (lTRE + ER), and 9.5% (ER). Reduced adherence during the 6FU was associated with a partial reversal of improvements in body mass, body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors, metabolic hormones, and subjective appetite observed during the 3INT. Analysis of perceived barriers showed that environmental and psychosocial barriers were significant predictors of changes in body mass during the 6FU, while environmental and behavioral barriers were associated with extension of the eating window. These associations were most pronounced in the eTRE + ER group. Conclusions: During the 6FU, differences between dietary strategies gradually diminished, although some remained clinically meaningful. Long-term adherence was low across all three dietary strategies, with psychosocial, environmental, and behavioral barriers particularly evident in the eTRE + ER group. Further research is needed to confirm long-term adherence before TRE + ER interventions can be widely applied in clinical practice. early time-restricted eating late time-restricted eating energy restriction overweight obesity zgodnje omejeno časovno prehranjevanje pozno časovno omejeno prehranjevanje energijska restrikcija prekomerna telesna masa debelost true false true Angleški jezik Slovenski jezik Članek v reviji 2026-03-22 09:02:05 2026-03-22 09:02:10 2026-03-23 03:05:49 0000-00-00 00:00:00 2026 0 0 str. 1-21 iss. 6, [article no.] 1004 Vol. 18 2026 0000-00-00 Zaloznikova Objavljeno apc 0000-00-00 0000-00-00 2026-03-21 613.2 2072-6643 10.3390/nu18061004 272528899 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18061004 1 6ac23635-25c5-11f1-9e8d-005056ac49c0 https://repozitorij.upr.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=33302 https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/6/1004 1 6863d71b-25c5-11f1-9e8d-005056ac49c0 https://repozitorij.upr.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=33301 RAZ_Cresnovar_Tanja_2026.pdf RAZ_Cresnovar_Tanja_2026.pdf 1 86B261CE0F2AA70EFADB6E6E95F63B62 20c2bf1b1df5cafa81caa63dff96304bf704e82b3eba538275be26377942d4a0 ae8d01a5-25c5-11f1-9e8d-005056ac49c0 https://repozitorij.upr.si/Dokument.php?lang=slv&id=33303 Fakulteta za vede o zdravju 0 0 0