1. BIM-based wind-driven rain modelling using ISO 15927-3 and geometry-based exposureRichard Acquah, Jonas Niklewski, Jakub Michal Sandak, 2026, original scientific article Abstract: Wind-driven rain (WDR) is a key source of façade moisture risk. ISO 15927-3 estimates WDR using static wall-factor tables, limited in scope and unable to capture façade-specific geometry or sheltering. This study introduces a BIM‑native workflow that dynamically computes wall factor as a geometry‑derived exposure fraction, evaluated per façade cell via ray tracing and power‑law‑based cell‑level height‑scaling factorization. Implemented in Revit, the method automates ISO corrections for terrain, topography, and obstruction, and outputs exposure fraction, wall indices, and catch ratio with façade-resolved visualization. For the cases studies presented, the BIM-Ray Tracing approach (mean absolute errors 0.03–0.06), achieved accuracy close to CFD and outperformed ISO 15927-3 with runtimes suitable for early design. While turbulence and edge recirculation remain better addressed by CFD, the workflow enables exposure mapping, rule-based checks, and integration with ISO 15686 service-life performance analysis.
Keywords: wind‑driven rain, ISO 15927‑3, BIM, Revit plugin, hygrothermal performance, rain impact simulation, ray tracing, building performance modelling, WDR index
Published in RUP: 21.04.2026; Views: 229; Downloads: 8
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2. BIM-based framework for estimating service life duration of wood construction elements under environmental exposureRichard Acquah, Jonas Niklewski, Anna Malgorzata Sandak, Jakub Michal Sandak, 2026, original scientific article Abstract: As the construction industry adopts more data-driven and sustainable practices, Building Information Modelling (BIM) is increasingly used for energy analysis, lifecycle management, and maintenance planning. However, its integration with service life performance analysis especially for wood, a material susceptible to environmental degradation remains limited. This study presents a BIM-based framework that incorporates wood-specific parameters such as environmental exposure, material properties, and design detailing to estimate the service life of wood construction elements. The framework is structured using ISO 15,686–4 principles and implemented through custom Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) property sets. A Revit plugin developed in C# integrates the model into the BIM environment. A case study of a wooden playhouse is used as a proof-of-concept to demonstrates the framework’s ability to evaluate the impact of design, material, and environmental factors on service life. The results confirm that the framework supports service life prediction and enhances decision-making for wood-based construction. Twenty-one-month observations align with predicted results. However, long-term (2–9 year) predictions remain unvalidated, requiring extended monitoring. By integration of the service life prediction for fungal decay into BIM it offers a practical and scalable tool to support service life–informed design and planning for wood structures.
Keywords: service life prediction, wood material durability, environmental exposure, wood 28 construction, sustainable construction, building information modelling (BIM)
Published in RUP: 24.11.2025; Views: 634; Downloads: 10
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3. Push-out resistance of threaded wooden dowels in cross-laminated timber with hardwood cross-layerLei Han, Mohammad Derikvand, Jakub Michal Sandak, Martin Hladnik, Dick Sandberg, Andreja Kutnar, 2025, original scientific article Abstract: Europe is experiencing a shift in timber resource availability, with a decline in softwoods and an increase in hardwoods, creating a need to explore the utilisation of hardwoods, particularly in construction, where softwoods have traditionally been predominant. This research aimed to assess the potential of using hardwood in hybrid, doweled cross-laminated timber (DCLT) fabricated with pre-dried threaded beech dowels. The objective was to evaluate the push-out resistance of beech dowels in a three-layer DCLT with spruce in the outer longitudinal layers and beech, poplar, or spruce in the cross-layer. The DCLT specimens were conditioned at various temperatures and relative-humidity (RH) levels before the push-out test. The specimens with beech cross-layer exhibited a higher push-out resistance than those made entirely of spruce. In contrast, using poplar in the cross-layer showed no considerable difference in push-out resistance compared to using spruce. Exposure to 70 °C and 10% RH for three days decreased the push-out resistance in all groups due to extreme shrinkage of the lamellae, whereas exposure to 20 °C and 65% RH for either 60 days or 240 days resulted in higher push-out resistance for DCLT with a beech cross-layer.
Keywords: DCLT, underutilised species, hardwood, dowel
Published in RUP: 12.09.2025; Views: 733; Downloads: 12
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5. Feasibility of portable NIR spectrometer for quality assurance in glue-laminated timber productionJakub Michal Sandak, Peter Niemz, Andreas Hänsel, Juana Mai, Anna Malgorzata Sandak, 2021, original scientific article Keywords: near infrared spectroscopy, glue-laminated timber, glulam, delamination, quality assurance
Published in RUP: 18.10.2021; Views: 4757; Downloads: 27
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7. Special Issue "Wood modification: characterization, modelling, and applications"Anna Malgorzata Sandak, Jakub Michal Sandak, 2021, preface, editorial, afterword Keywords: wood modification, characterization, modelling, applications
Published in RUP: 30.07.2021; Views: 3068; Downloads: 35
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8. Oriented investigations on the application of NIR spectroscopy for the evaluation of the bonding quality of glued laminated timber from hardwoodPeter Niemz, Jakub Michal Sandak, Juana Mai, Andreas Hänsel, 2021, published scientific conference contribution abstract Keywords: wood gluing, ash wood, delamination, NIR spectroscopy, Micro-NIR, hyperspectral imaging, quality control
Published in RUP: 16.07.2021; Views: 3557; Downloads: 82
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9. Bioinspired living coating system in service : evaluation of the wood protected with biofinish during one-year natural weatheringFaksawat Poohphajai, Jakub Michal Sandak, Michael Sailer, Lauri Rautkari, Tiina Belt, Anna Malgorzata Sandak, 2021, original scientific article Keywords: natural weathering, bio-based coating, service life performance, aesthetics, living fungal cells, bioinspired materials design
Published in RUP: 24.06.2021; Views: 2748; Downloads: 77
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10. BIM-based simulation of fire and smoke spread in timber buildingsRichard Acquah, Eva Prelovšek Niemelä, Jakub Michal Sandak, 2021, published scientific conference contribution abstract Keywords: wood, fire and smoke simulation, Building Information Modelling, computational fluid dynamics, Pyrosim, Revit
Published in RUP: 24.06.2021; Views: 4393; Downloads: 167
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