1. Empowering Social Protection in Developing Economies : The Role of Climate Finance; Insights from COP28Umar Suffian Ahmad, Ghassan H. Mardini, 2026, original scientific article Abstract: Global challenges resulting from climate change, economic distress, and social confrontation are rising. In this scenario, Social Protection (SP) provides a mechanism to deal with all such issues. This research study aims to analyse the impact of SP on Conference of the Parties (COP28) Climate Financing (CF). The study is based on a panel of 32 countries that met the CF criteria for a period of 19 years. To empirically validate the impact, the Two Step System GMM method has been used. This approach deals with the endogeneity issue and provides robust analysis to account for autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity problems. The results show that CF has a significant impact on empowering SP. However, in the case of low-income countries, the impact is negative. This paper offers a novel analysis of the COP28 CF and SP framework. The study also highlights the broader policy relevance of COP28 financing frameworks. It suggests the potential to inform global climate finance, enhance cross-country allocation, and guide the integration of climate-related funding with social protection beyond developing economies.
Keywords: social protection, climate finance, Two-Step System GMM, developing economies
Published in RUP: 10.04.2026; Views: 434; Downloads: 7
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2. The Relationship Between Ease of Doing Business Indicators and Foreign Direct Investment in AfricaDarlington Chizema, Ewert P. J. Kleynhans, 2026, original scientific article Abstract: This study examines the impact of the business environment on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows into Africa, utilising panel data from 39 African countries over the period 2005–2019. Institutional and regulatory dimensions are captured through selected indicators from the World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Index. A dynamic panel data approach is employed, applying the one-step difference Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) estimator to address potential endogeneity, autocorrelation, and unobserved heterogeneity. The results indicate strong persistence in FDI, with lagged inflows exerting a significant positive effect on current levels. Among the business environment indicators, registering property is positively and significantly associated with FDI, highlighting the importance of secure property rights. Conversely, getting credit shows a significant negative relationship, suggesting that inefficiencies in credit markets may deter investment. These findings underscore the need for policy reforms aimed at streamlining property registration and enhancing credit market infrastructure to foster a more conducive environment for sustained FDI inflows and economic development.
Keywords: foreign direct investment, economic development, Africa, investment, ease of Doing Business, business environment, GMM
Published in RUP: 10.04.2026; Views: 384; Downloads: 4
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