1. Upskilling older employees in the artificial intelligence eraTinkara Žabar, Aleksander Janeš, 2025, original scientific article Abstract: Research Question (RQ): What is the effect of new technologies, with an emphasis on artificial intelligence (AI), on the need to upskill older employees (50+ years). Purpose: The purpose of the research was to carry out a systematic literature review of existing research in the field of the effect of AI on the upskilling needs of older employees. Method: We performed a systematic literature review across six academic search engines: ProQuest, Emerald, Sage Journals, Springer, Research Gate, and Google Scholar. Results: Artificial intelligence is significantly transforming the labor market, as it requires constant adaptation to new skills and knowledge. AI has a significant effect on older employees, who are exposed to greater challenges due to a possible lack of digital skills and sensitivity to change. In this context, training and further education are key mechanisms to ensure that skills match the requirements of the work environment and the labor market. Organizations must quickly adapt to changing requirements by creating a culture of lifelong learning that encourages seniors and other employees to improve. Training programs must be based on the specific needs and challenges faced by older employees. Organization: The research emphasizes the importance of training older employees in the age of AI and encourages organizations to create a culture of lifelong learning as part of the organization's strategic directions and goals. Society: The importance of research for society is reflected in the insight into the involvement of all age groups in the possibility of improving knowledge, skills, and attitudes towards the use of modern technologies. Organizations and society itself bear the social responsibility to enable older employees to successfully integrate into the work environment in the AI era. Originality: The research addresses the need to improve the skills of a specific age group in the age of AI, where it simultaneously highlights the importance of fostering a culture of lifelong learning in a rapidly changing world. The research findings provide guidelines for policymaking in the field of training on the national level in the context of an aging workforce and new technologies. Limitations/further research: The literature review was limited to six publicly available databases. In the article, older employees were considered as people in the labor process older than 50 years. We must emphasize that older employees differ from each other in terms of education, economic, social, and other circumstances. Further research should investigate the effect of new technologies regarding the specific circumstances mentioned in this age group.
Keywords: knowledge society, upskilling, knowledge management, retraining, older employees, artificial intelligence, lifelong learning
Published in RUP: 12.01.2026; Views: 112; Downloads: 3
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2. Comparative Analysis of AI Regulation in Education Across Western Balkan Countries : Challenges and OpportunitiesLejla Turulja, Amra Kapo, 2025, independent scientific component part or a chapter in a monograph Abstract: This chapter presents a comparative analysis of the regulation of AI in education across the countries of the Western Balkans (WB), examining existing legal frameworks, national strategies and practical implementations in preuniversity and higher education systems. Although AI has gained global importance, the pace of its integration into educational systems varies significantly among the countries of the world, including the countries of the Western Balkans. In Serbia, the government has adopted a proactive approach, launching a national artificial intelligence strategy (2020–2025) that includes the integration of AI content into primary and secondary education. The government also supports AI research through dedicated institutes and higher education programs focused on AI. Despite this, the actual presence of AI-specific legislation in education remains limited, with most references to AI appearing in policy documents rather than enforceable legal texts. In contrast, North Macedonia and Montenegro have taken initial steps towards introducing AI in their education sectors, with AI mentioned in broad digitisation strategies but without specific education regulations. In these countries, AI is often seen in the context of digital skills development rather than as a dedicated subject within educational programs. Meanwhile, Bosnia and Herzegovina faces challenges due to its decentralised education system, where AI and technology integration strategies differ between entities. Although there are references to the modernisation of education with technology, the content and legal framework specific to artificial intelligence are still in an early stage. This chapter contributes to the growing body of research on the regulation of artificial intelligence by providing a comparative analysis of the integration of AI into the educational frameworks of WB countries. It examines how Serbia, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina respond to the global call for digitisation and AI education, exploring the extent to which national policies, legal frameworks, and strategic documents address AI in their education systems. The chapter highlights both similarities and differences in each country’s approach to AI in education, analysing how each nation’s legal environment either supports or hinders the integration of AI into curricula at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. By presenting comparisons, this chapter contributes to ongoing discussions on how the Western Balkans region can leverage AI for education reform and broader social development, serving as a roadmap for policymakers, educators, and researchers interested in managing AI in education.
Keywords: artificial intelligence regulation, education, Western Balkans
Published in RUP: 23.12.2025; Views: 144; Downloads: 1
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3. AI in higher education : analysis of relevant practices and their potential for green transitionVesna Ferk Savec, Sanja Jedrinović, 2025, independent scientific component part or a chapter in a monograph Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to significantly impact the entire spectrum of sustainable development by targeting the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In the present study, we analysed reports from university teachers on 26 practises of AI implementation in pedagogical processes at nine faculties of the University of Ljubljana that responded to a call for participation in the Artificial Intelligence in Education project at the University of Ljubljana (2023–2024). We found that various AI tools were mainly used to facilitate the achievement of the sustainable development pillars Economy (SDG9, SDG12) and Society (SDG4) in different areas of KLASIUS-P educational activities, other SDGs were addressed to a lesser extent. Based on the results, we can conclude that the integration of AI into the pedagogical process has great potential but needs to be supported by regulatory insights and monitoring of AI-based technologies to enable sustainable development.
Keywords: sustainable development goals (SDGs), artificial intelligence in education (AIEd), higher education (HE)
Published in RUP: 19.12.2025; Views: 300; Downloads: 7
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4. The Panorama of Digital Education in the XXI CenturyPedro Tadeu, Carlos Brigas, 2025, independent scientific component part or a chapter in a monograph Abstract: This chapter aims to analyse digital education in the twenty-first century, a complicated topic with tremendous advancements and challenges. We analyse digital education from different angles and like this we want to analyse his substantial significance in the modern education framework. This approach highlights several benefits, such as extensive educational opportunities, engaging and dynamic learning opportunities, and tailored training that meets each learner's needs. However, we also discuss the inherent challenges that the digital education brings to us nowadays, they include the availability and fairness, the technology limitations, and the absence of in-person social interaction. Another important aspect to analyse is the significant impact of the digital education on the pedagogical approaches and how the digital education could affect globalisation, specifically how it might help people engage across cultural boundaries and overcome specific constraints. To conclude, we also analyse new trends like gamification, virtual and augmented reality, and artificial intelligence to find possible future directions for digital education. The chapter ends by stating that to fully realise the potential of digital education and create an inclusive and successful learning environment for the future, these opportunities and challenges must be continuously explored.
Keywords: digital education, artificial intelligence, ict tools, challenges, opportunities
Published in RUP: 19.12.2025; Views: 198; Downloads: 2
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5. Unveiling Organizational AI Adoption Patterns in Italian Companies through the Lens of the Diffusion of Innovations TheoryGrazia Garlatti Costa, Francesco Venier, Roberto Pugliese, 2025, original scientific article Abstract: This paper investigates the adoption and integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies within a sample of 237 Italian enterprises using the Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) theory as the theoretical framework. It examines the characteristics of companies leading in AI adoption, evaluating their alignment with the innovator and early adopter profiles defined by Everett Rogers in 2003 within the DOI framework. The research emphasizes AI’s significant role in enhancing operational efficiency, fostering innovation, securing competitive advantage, and driving long-term growth. It also identifies challenges such as lack of skills, data management issues, and ethical concerns. Our findings contribute empirical evidence to the academic literature on the DOI theory, addressing the underexplored context of AI in Italy. The study provides a nuanced perspective on AI’s impact on employment and sets a foundation for future research, offering managerial insights for strategically deploying AI.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, diffusion of innovations theory, early adopters, implementation challenges, Italian companies
Published in RUP: 18.12.2025; Views: 147; Downloads: 0
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6. Is open source the future of AI? : a data-driven approachDomen Vake, Bogdan Šinik, Jernej Vičič, Aleksandar Tošić, 2025, original scientific article Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) have become central to both academic research and industrial applications, fueling debates on their accuracy, usability, privacy, and potential misuse. While proprietary models benefit from substantial investments in data and computing resources, open-sourcing is often suggested as a means to enhance trust and transparency. Yet, open-sourcing comes with its own challenges, such as risks of illicit applications, limited financial incentives, and intellectual property concerns. Positioned between these extremes are hybrid approaches—including partially open models and licensing restrictions—that aim to balance openness with control. In this paper, we adopt a data-driven approach to examine the open-source development of LLMs. By analyzing contributions in model improvements, modifications, and methodologies, we assess how community efforts impact model performance. Our findings indicate that the open-source community can significantly enhance models, demonstrating that community-driven modifications can yield efficiency gains without compromising performance. Moreover, our analysis reveals distinct trends in community growth and highlights which architectures benefit disproportionately from open-source engagement. These insights provide an empirical foundation to inform balanced discussions among industry experts and policymakers on the future direction of AI development.
Keywords: large language models, artificial intelligence, open source, data science, HuggingFace
Published in RUP: 25.09.2025; Views: 520; Downloads: 4
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7. Enhancing crisis response efficiency through ICT : a Delphi study on operational and decision-making improvements in mass casualty incidentsPrimož Režek, Boštjan Žvanut, 2025, original scientific article Abstract: The potential of information and communication technology (ICT) to improve coordination and decision-making during the training and operational phases of mass casualty incidents (MCIs) has not yet been sufficiently explored. This three-round Delphi study investigates whether ICT use in MCIs can enhance decision-making and increase victim survival rates. The study was conducted from 10 February to 20 September 2024, with 25 international experts from academia, clinical practice, and health informatics. The results were summarised using a SWOT analysis, confirming ICT's perceived potential in MCI management. The analysis revealed a critical asymmetry: while the strengths and opportunities were mainly associated with technical factors (e.g. the effectiveness of drones, global positioning systems, artificial intelligence, dashboards, and virtual and augmented reality to improve the cost-effectiveness of training), weaknesses and threats were mainly social and organisational. These included a lack of standardisation and interoperability, limited ICT-supported training, infrastructure and cybersecurity gaps, resistance to change, legal constraints, underfunding, low technological readiness, and scepticism about the cost-effectiveness of ICT in real-world MCI contexts. Our findings highlight the gap between technological readiness and implementation challenges, suggesting that ICT innovation alone is insufficient without supportive governance, infrastructure, and stakeholder engagement. As the first Delphi study of its kind, it provides a strategic foundation for evidence-based ICT integration in training and operational MCI responses. The findings provide clear priorities for future policy development and empirical validation, emphasising the need to address persistent non-technical barriers to realise ICT’s full potential in crisis management.
Keywords: mass casualty incidents (MCI), information and communication technology (ICT), artificial intelligence (AI), drones, electronic triage systems, delphi study, SWOT analysis
Published in RUP: 08.09.2025; Views: 532; Downloads: 7
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8. Integrating AI-driven wearable metaverse technologies into ubiquitous blended learning : a framework based on embodied interaction and multi-agent collaborationJiaqi Xu, Xuesong Zhai, Nian-Shing Chen, Usman Ghani, Andreja Istenič, Junyi Xin, 2025, original scientific article Abstract: Ubiquitous blended learning, leveraging mobile devices, has democratized education by enabling autonomous and readily accessible knowledge acquisition. However, its reliance on traditional interfaces often limits learner immersion and meaningful interaction. The emergence of the wearable metaverse offers a compelling solution, promising enhanced multisensory experiences and adaptable learning environments that transcend the constraints of conventional ubiquitous learning. This research proposes a novel framework for ubiquitous blended learning in the wearable metaverse, aiming to address critical challenges, such as multi-source data fusion, effective human–computer collaboration, and efficient rendering on resource-constrained wearable devices, through the integration of embodied interaction and multi-agent collaboration. This framework leverages a real-time multi-modal data analysis architecture, powered by the MobileNetV4 and xLSTM neural networks, to facilitate the dynamic understanding of the learner’s context and environment. Furthermore, we introduced a multi-agent interaction model, utilizing CrewAI and spatio-temporal graph neural networks, to orchestrate collaborative learning experiences and provide personalized guidance. Finally, we incorporated lightweight SLAM algorithms, augmented using visual perception techniques, to enable accurate spatial awareness and seamless navigation within the metaverse environment. This innovative framework aims to create immersive, scalable, and cost-effective learning spaces within the wearable metaverse.
Keywords: metaverse, embodied interaction, wearable, multi-agent, artificial intelligence, ubiquitous blended learning
Published in RUP: 17.07.2025; Views: 735; Downloads: 8
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10. Psychological screening and tracking of athletes and digital mental health solutions in a hybrid model of care : mini reviewLuke Balcombe, Diego De Leo, 2020, original scientific article Keywords: athletes, well-being, stress, adjustment, COVID-19, hybrid model of care, digital mental health, artificial intelligence
Published in RUP: 18.01.2021; Views: 2760; Downloads: 107
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