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Reliability of postural sway measures during single-leg stance : a analysis using conventional and complementary error metrics
Žiga Kozinc, Aurora Kuliqi, Iza Obal, 2025, original scientific article

Abstract: This study examined the test–retest reliability of postural sway measures during single-leg stance in healthy adults. Forty-eight participants performed three 30-s barefoot trials across two sessions separated by 3–5 days, using a force platform to derive eight center of pressure (CoP) variables. Reliability was assessed using conventional reliability metrics (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), typical error (TE), coefficient of variation (CV), and minimal detectable change (MDC)), as well as recently suggested complementary indices (mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE)). Most CoP-derived variables showed good relative reliability, with ICCs ranging from 0.71 to 0.86. Sway velocity and frequency-based measures were the most consistent (e.g., sway velocity AP: ICC = 0.85), while sway area showed higher variability (ICC = 0.71, MAPE = 20.1%). Systematic improvements were observed between sessions, particularly for sway velocity (all p < 0.001) and area (p = 0.002). Absolute error metrics such as MAE and MAPE provided additional insight into individual-level variability, often exceeding values indicated by CV. The findings support the use of single-leg CoP measures in research and clinical assessments but highlight the need for careful interpretation of reliability based on both relative and absolute indices.
Keywords: reliability, center of pressure, balance assessment, measurement error, force platform
Published in RUP: 23.08.2025; Views: 1809; Downloads: 35
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Abstract: Background: Within the current study we aimed at exploring gender-related differences and the relationship between sprint start block kinematics and kinetics and sprint acceleration force-velocity (F-v) relationship parameters (maximal force [F0], maximal velocity [v0], maximal power [Pmax] and slope) in top national-level sprinters. (2) Methods: Twenty-eight sprinters (6 females) performed 10 maximal 30-m sprints. Start block and acceleration kinematics and kinetics were collected with an instrumented sprint start block and a laser distance sensor (KiSprint system). Displacement-time data were used to determine the F-v relationship through Samozino's method. (3) Results: Start block rear foot maximal force (effect size [ES] = 1.08), rate of force development (ES = 0.90-1.33), F0 (ES = 1.38), v0 (ES = 1.83) and Pmax (ES = 1.95) were higher in males than in females (p -< 0.05). There were no differences in the slope, and ratio of horizontal-to-resultant force. F0, v0, and Pmax generally presented higher correlations with the start block kinetics (median r [range] = 0.49 [0.28, 0.78]) than with the kinematics (median r [range] = -0.27 [-0.52, 0.28]). (4) Conclusions: We confirmed that sprint block phase and sprint acceleration mechanics should be mutually assessed when analyzing sprinting performance. KiSprint system could provide more accurate information regarding mechanical pattern and technique during sprint initiation and acceleration, and potentially help create a more personalized and effective training program.
Keywords: force-velocity relationship, force platform, kinematics, kinetics, track-and-field
Published in RUP: 10.09.2020; Views: 3516; Downloads: 88
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