1. Has the agricultural productivity increased after European Union enlargements in Central European countries? : evidence from four countries' cereal productionLukáš Čechura, Štefan Bojnec, Jan Fałkowski, Imre Fertő, 2026, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: It was widely expected that following European Union's enlargement in 2004, farmers in new member states would improve their performance by increasing the efficiency of their production processes. In this study, using the Farm Accountancy Data Network data, we look at changes in total factor productivity, a measure which captures how efficiently and intensely inputs are utilised in production, that took place in farms producing cereals in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovenia between 2004 and 2017. We find that in all four countries total factor productivity increased in the first years after the accession, but later declined. Overall, in the three former countries, total factor productivity in 2017 was higher than observed in 2004, whereas in Slovenia it was lower. This pattern largely corresponds to the dynamics observed with technological change: an initial technological progress was followed by a technological regress. Our results also suggest that over time farmers faced increasing problems with finding an optimal size of their operation. Finally, we observe that the technologies adopted on the farms were not used in an efficient way.
Ključne besede: Central Europe, cereal farms, scale efficiency, technological change, technical efficiency, total factor productivity
Objavljeno v RUP: 01.09.2026; Ogledov: 262; Prenosov: 5
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2. Wildfires, land markets, and agrarian inequality in northern PakistanDaraz Umar, Štefan Bojnec, 2026, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Wildfires are increasingly recognized as environmental disturbances associated with socio economic transformations in agrarian systems. This study examines the associations between reported wildfire exposure, land-market outcomes, and agrarian inequality in the Malakand Division of northern Pakistan, a region characterized by forest–agriculture interfaces and livelihood dependence on land. The study aims to analyze how different levels of wildfire exposure are associated with land values, ownership patterns, market transactions, inequality, and coping strategies among farming households. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed using a sample of 400 households selected through multistage sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using ANOVA, chi-square tests, multiple and logistic regression, hierarchical regression, and principal component analysis. Results show that reported land values differed sig nificantly across wildfire-exposure categories (F = 48.72, p < 0.001), with directly exposed households reporting the lowest values. Regression analysis identified direct wildfire exposure as the strongest negative statistical predictor of reported land value (β = −0.468, p < 0.001). Retrospectively reported landholding data show an increase in the Gini coefficient from 0.41 before the reported fire period to 0.53 afterward. The addition of land-transaction variables increased the explained variance in agrarian inequality to 72%, which is consistent with a potential land-market pathway but does not constitute evidence of causal mediation. Coping strategies such as land sale, migration, and borrowing emerged as dominant reported responses among affected households. The study concludes that wildfire exposure is strongly associated with land devaluation, land sales, and greater agrarian inequality. Because the study is cross sectional and lacks an independently observed pre-fire baseline or causal identification strategy, these findings should not be interpreted as definitive causal effects.
Ključne besede: wildfires, land markets, agrarian inequality, distress land sales, rural livelihoods
Objavljeno v RUP: 14.08.2026; Ogledov: 205; Prenosov: 11
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3. CAP subsidies, technical efficiency, and its persistence : evidence from Slovenian animal farmsAndrzej Pisulewski, Jerzy Marzec, Štefan Bojnec, Imre Fertő, 2026, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Improving farm efficiency is central to enhancing productivity, income, and structural transformation in European agriculture. However, inefficiency is often persistent and rooted in structural constraints. This paper examines how the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) affects technical efficiency and its persistence in animal farming, using Slovenia as a case study. Slovenia provides a relevant empirical setting due to the dominance of small-scale farms, strong reliance on subsidies, and limited economies of scale – characteristics shared by many structurally constrained EU Member States. We apply a Bayesian dynamic stochastic frontier model that jointly accounts for efficiency persistence and technological heterogeneity. Using disaggregated CAP subsidy data, we assess how different policy instruments influence short-run and long-run technical efficiency across heterogeneous farm types. The results reveal four main findings. First, there is strong evidence against a common production frontier, indicating substantial technological heterogeneity among animal farms. Second, the effect of CAP subsidies on short-run technical efficiency depends both on the direction of their impact on efficiency persistence and on the level of technical efficiency in the previous period. Similarly, their impact on long-run technical efficiency is shaped by their effect on persistence and by the level of long-run efficiency. Third, the effects of CAP subsidies are heterogeneous across instruments: investment and other subsidies enhance both short-run and long-run technical efficiency, whereas decoupled payments and agri-environmental subsidies reduce efficiency at both horizons. Fourth, payments for less-favored areas consistently lead to a deterioration in technical efficiency in both the short and the long run.
Ključne besede: subsidies, technical efficiency, animal farms, Slovenia
Objavljeno v RUP: 02.07.2026; Ogledov: 316; Prenosov: 7
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5. Enhancing knowledge and technology transfer : determinants and indicators of successful university–industry collaborationJana Hojnik, Štefan Bojnec, Simona Kustec, Vaida Zemlickienė, Zenonas Turskis, 2026, pregledni znanstveni članek Opis: Both universities and companies create value and innovation to maintain their position and remain competitive. Different, but still similar, with two goals that are shared. With their collaboration, they can enhance their pursuit of sustainability and as well corporate social responsibility by creating and delivering value and thus contributing to the well-being of society. This paper thus examines the determinants and indicators of successful university–industry collaboration (UIC) in the context of knowledge and technology transfer. The purpose of the research is to identify key factors that drive effective UIC and to establish measurable indicators for evaluating the performance of this collaboration. The paper aimed to understand not only what drives UIC but also how to measure its effectiveness. So, an exploratory, theory-building approach, adopting a systematic literature review is applied. By focusing on the determinants and measurable outputs of UIC, the paper provides insights into the strategic importance of measuring knowledge and technology transfer for a wide range of stakeholders involved in it. UIC for universities is a part of their third mission and their CSR, while with respect for companies, UIC is a result of practicing open innovation and pursuing corporate social responsibility. While consolidating these dimensions, the study also develops a holistic input–output indicator framework that not only clarifies how collaboration is initiated and structured but also how it can be evaluated in practice.
Ključne besede: corporate social responsibility, indicators, innovation policy, knowledge and technology transfer, sustainability, technology transfer office (TTO), university–industry collaboration (UIC)
Objavljeno v RUP: 13.04.2026; Ogledov: 691; Prenosov: 15
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6. Do agri-environmental schemes reduce farm greenhouse gas emissions? : evidence from SloveniaŠtefan Bojnec, Imre Fertő, 2026, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture is a key objective of the European Union's Green Deal and is among considerations of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Agri-environmental schemes (AES) are the main CAP instruments to promote more sustainable farming, yet their short-term climate effectiveness remains uncertain. This study provides the first farm-level evidence for Slovenia on whether AES participation reduces GHG emission intensity and whether effects differ across production systems. Using a balanced panel of 227 farms from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (2014–2021), we estimate dynamic treatment effects of AES adoption on net carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions per hectare, applying modern difference-in-differences (DiD) estimators for staggered adoption and extensive robustness checks, including alternative estimators, placebo tests, and dynamic conditioning. Results show that AES adopters had higher pre-adoption emission intensity, consistent with targeted uptake by higher-emission farms. However, estimated reductions in emission intensity during the first one to two years after adoption are small, statistically insignificant, and robust across specifications. These findings suggest that broad, practice-based AES may not deliver immediate, measurable climate benefits at the farm level, either because effects take longer to materialize or because current schemes are insufficiently targeted to high-emission sources. Policies that combine more precise targeting, climate-specific measures, and long-term monitoring may be needed to unlock the full climate mitigation potential of AES.
Ključne besede: agri-environmental schemes, greenhouse gas emissions, difference-in-differences, agricultural policy evaluation, Slovenia
Objavljeno v RUP: 13.04.2026; Ogledov: 611; Prenosov: 20
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7. Trajnostni razvoj rastlinske pridelave, predelave in prodajeŠtefan Bojnec, Drago Papler, 2025, znanstvena monografija Opis: Znanstvena monografija se osredotoča na trajnostni razvoj rastlinske pridelave, predelave in prodaje v okviru lokalnih skupnosti, kjer ima kmetijstvo pomembno vlogo pri oblikovanju ekonomske, družbene in okoljske strukture v trajnostnem razvoju podeželja. Hrana ni zgolj osnovna dobrina, temveč temeljni vir energije za življenje, zato je razumevanje dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na njeno pridelavo in distribucijo, ključno za dolgoročno vzdržnost lokalnih kmetijskih sistemov. Glavni cilj raziskave je bil preučiti mnenja različnih deležnikov o trenutnem stanju povpraševanja in ponudbe po kmetijsko-živilskih proizvodih ter povezanih storitvah, prepoznati obstoječe in potencialne tržne priložnosti ter analizirati ključne gradnike razvoja rastlinske pridelave, predelave in prodaje. V ospredju so bili tudi vloga izobraževanja ter motivacijski vidiki za vključevanje v ekološko kmetovanje. Za pridobitev podatkov je bila uporabljena metoda anketiranja, pri čemer smo s pomočjo statistične analize ugotovili pomembne dejavnike, ki vplivajo na kmetijsko dejavnost in zadovoljstvo z izobraževalnimi programi. Z regresijsko analizo smo preverili hipoteze o vplivu posameznih dejavnikov na kmetijsko ponudbo ter oblikovanje lokalnih kmetijskih politik. Faktorska analiza je omogočila identifikacijo povezanosti med posameznimi spremenljivkami ter razumevanje njihovega prispevka k širšim razvojnim vidikom trajnostnega razvoja. Rezultati raziskave potrjujejo pomen podeželja pri razvoju trajnostnega kmetijstva in posebej rastlinske pridelave, ki omogoča prostorske, socialne in naravne pogoje za izvajanje trajnostne pridelave. Analize so pokazale visoko stopnjo zanimanja anketiranih za ekološko pridelavo hrane, kar nakazuje večjo ozaveščenost o trajnostnih načelih med porabniki in ponudniki. Ocenjevanje kmetijsko-izobraževalnih programov s strani odraslih udeležencev je razkrilo pomembnost stalnega vseživljenjskega učenja in prenosa znanja za izboljšanje kmetijske prakse ter krepitev konkurenčnosti na trgu. Ugotovitve kažejo tudi na potrebo po večji podpori lokalnim pobudam in spodbudam, ki bi še dodatno okrepile tržno vlogo lokalno pridelane hrane in razvoj kratkih oskrbnih verig z nizkim ogljičnim odtisom. Znanstvena monografija tako prispeva k boljšemu razumevanju kompleksnosti razvoja kmetijstva v lokalnem okolju, pri čemer poudarja pomen medsebojnega povezovanja deležnikov, sistemskega načrtovanja in vključevanja trajnostnih vidikov v vse faze kmetijske proizvodnje – od pridelave do končne prodaje.
Ključne besede: ekonomska uspešnost, kmetijstvo, podeželje, trajnostni razvoj, kmetijska pridelava, kmetijsko povpraševanje, kmetijska ponudba, izobraževanje, raziskava, statistična analiza, korelacijska analiza, regresijska analiza
Objavljeno v RUP: 25.03.2026; Ogledov: 609; Prenosov: 42
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8. Agri-environmental schemes reduce variable input costs : evidence from Slovenian farmsŠtefan Bojnec, Imre Fertő, 2026, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Agri-environmental schemes (AES) are central policy instruments designed to promote environmentally friendly agricultural practices by financially supporting the adoption of sustainable land management. While a substantial body of research examines how AES influence environmental outcomes and overall farm performance, far less is known about their direct effects on farm-level variable input costs, particularly in terms of energy, fertilizer, and crop protection expenditures. Existing studies typically analyse eco-efficiency or broad economic-environmental indicators, leaving a critical empirical gap regarding whether and how AES reshape the cost structure of farms during and after adoption. This study addresses this gap by estimating the causal impact of AES participation on key variable input costs using Slovenian Farm Accountancy Data Network data and a Differences-in-Differences (DID) design with staggered adoption, supported by robustness and sensitivity analyses. The findings indicate that AES participation leads to significant reductions in pesticide and energy costs, while fertilizer expenditures tend to increase in the short term before stabilizing or declining over time. These patterns suggest that AES trigger structural adjustments in production—such as reduced tillage intensity and transitions to organic or biological inputs—that can initially raise some input costs but contribute to longer-term sustainability. The study therefore offers new empirical evidence on the cost implications of AES, improving understanding of how environmental policy instruments affect farm-level economic decisions. These insights are essential for designing AES that support both environmental objectives and the economic viability of farmers, particularly in regions where sustainability transitions may involve short-term trade-offs.
Ključne besede: agri-environmental schemes, resources in agriculture, energy, fertilizer, crop protection, variable input costs, Slovenian agriculture
Objavljeno v RUP: 23.03.2026; Ogledov: 670; Prenosov: 19
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9. Governance failure and wildfire escalation : a multi-level analysis of institutional preparedness, corruption, and emergency responseDaraz Umar, Štefan Bojnec, Younas Khan, 2026, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Wildfire escalation is increasingly threatening ecosystems and communities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan, particularly in forest and rangeland landscapes where eco- logical flammability interacts with human activity. While environmental and climatic drivers are well studied, governance factors remain underexplored despite their decisive role in shaping how ecological risk translates into disasters. Regional forests show consid- erable ecological diversity, including chir pine-dominated stands, mixed temperate conifer forests, broadleaved oak-associated systems, and shrub rangeland mosaics, each differing in fuel structure and fire behavior. Dependence on fuelwood collection, grazing, and forest access further influences ignition probability and fire spread. This study examines how governance failures influence wildfire risk and severity through a Governance-Fire Risk Framework. Governance is treated as a determining institutional condition affecting prevention capacity, regulation of hazardous land use, fuel management, and emergency response effectiveness. A cross-sectional survey of 540 stakeholders from rural (Dir Lower, Dir Upper) and peri-urban districts (Swat, Mansehra, Abbottabad) was analyzed using SPSS (version 26) and AMOS (version 24) (CFA and SEM). Governance failure significantly escalates wildfire risk through delayed emergency response, regulatory non-compliance, political interference, and weak institutional coordination. Institutional preparedness and response capacity reduce risks, whereas corruption intensifies them. Corruption functions through illegal land conversion, diversion of fire management resources, procurement irregularities, nepotistic staffing, and selective enforcement, increasing ignition sources, fuel accumulation, and response delays. Rural districts show stronger governance-fire linkages. Wildfire escalation in KP is governance-driven in interaction with ecological conditions and community dependence on forest resources. Effective mitigation requires anti-corruption measures, rapid response systems, stronger enforcement, and improved preparedness. The study offers a transferable governance-focused framework for wildfire management in fire-prone developing regions.
Ključne besede: wildfires risk escalation, governance failure, institutional preparedness, corruption, emergency response, fire management, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Objavljeno v RUP: 27.02.2026; Ogledov: 772; Prenosov: 14
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10. Gender role reversal in gig economy households : a sociological insight from Southeast Asia with evidence from PakistanDaraz Umar, Štefan Bojnec, Younas Khan, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: The rapid growth of the gig economy and digital platforms is challenging traditional gender roles, particularly in developing countries where structural inequalities continue to shape labor and household dynamics. Despite growing global interest in gender equity and digital inclusion, limited research has examined how gig work, digital access, and women’s income contributions interact to influence household gender dynamics within culturally conservative contexts. This study aimed to investigate the multidimensional impacts of women’s participation in gig work on time use redistribution, intra-household decision making, gender ideology, and role reversal within households in Pakistan. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from a representative sample of married couples engaged in the gig economy across urban and peri-urban areas of Pakistan. A quantitative analysis was conducted employing a combination of an analysis of variance, ordinal logistic regression, hierarchical multiple regression, and structural equation modeling to evaluate the direct and indirect relationships between constructs. The findings revealed that women’s gig work participation significantly predicted enhanced digital access, greater income contributions, and increased intra-household decision-making power. These, in turn, contributed to a measurable shift in gender ideology toward equality norms and a partial reversal of traditional gender roles, particularly in household labor division. The study concludes that the intersection of economic participation and digital empowerment serves as a catalyst for progressive gender restructuring within households. Policy implications include the need for gender-responsive labor policies, investment in digital infrastructure, and targeted interventions to support empowering women in non-traditional work roles.
Ključne besede: gig economy, digital inclusion, women's empowerment, gender ideology, intra-household decision making, role reversal
Objavljeno v RUP: 04.02.2026; Ogledov: 762; Prenosov: 8
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