1. The impact of bicycle configuration on cycling biomechanics : a brief narrative reviewNika Klaužer, Žiga Kozinc, 2026, strokovni članek Opis: This brief narrative review examined the effects of bicycle configuration on cycling biomechanics, with particular emphasis on saddle height, saddle fore–aft position, and frame geometry. Relevant peer-reviewed studies that experimentally manipulated bicycle settings and assessed biomechanical outcomes were identified and narratively synthesized. The available evidence indicates that saddle height has the clearest influence on lower-limb kinematics, particularly at the knee and hip, and may also affect joint loading, pedal-force effectiveness, and mechanical efficiency. Lower saddle positions generally increase knee flexion and may increase local knee loading, whereas higher positions promote greater lower-limb extension, although their effects on metabolic economy are not consistent. Saddle fore–aft position primarily alters the distribution of mechanical work between the hip and knee, with a more rearward position generally increasing hip contribution and force effectiveness, but potentially increasing loading of posterior and lateral soft-tissue structures. Changes in frame geometry appear to have smaller effects on global biomechanical outcomes, although they may modify muscle activation and movement strategy. Overall, bicycle configuration should not be optimized according to a single biomechanical criterion. Rather, bike fitting should balance performance, comfort, metabolic demands, and potential injury risk, while accounting for the cyclist’s anthropometry, mobility, experience, and specific goals
Ključne besede: cycling, biomechanics, kinesiology
Objavljeno v RUP: 31.07.2026; Ogledov: 181; Prenosov: 6
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2. Bilateral synergies in foot force production tasksNejc Šarabon, Goran Marković, Pavle Mikulić, Mark L. Latash, 2013, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: We analysed the effects of task symmetry during bilateral accurate force production tasks performed by the two feet. In particular, we tested a hypothesis that bilateral deficit would lead to higher indices of synergies defined as co-varied adjustments in the two forces across trials that reduced total force variability. The subjects produced steady-state force followed by a quick force pulse into the target. The two feet could be acting both into plantar flexion and into dorsiflexion (symmetrical tasks), or in opposite directions (asymmetrical task). We used the framework of the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis to quantify two variance components, one of which did not change total force (VUCM), while the other did (VORT). Synergy indices during the asymmetrical task were higher than in either symmetrical task. The difference was due to higher VUCM (compared to the symmetrical plantar flexion task) or lower VORT (compared to the symmetrical dorsiflexion task). The synergy index showed a drop (anticipatory synergy adjustment, ASA) starting 100150 ms prior to the force pulse initiation. The ASA tended to be shorter and of a smaller magnitude for the asymmetrical task. This is the first demonstration of bilateral synergies during accurate force production by the legs. We conclude that bilateral deficit has no or weak effects on two-leg synergies. The results fit the earlier introduced scheme with two groups of neural variables defining average performance of a redundant system and patterns of co-variation among its elemental variables, respectively
Ključne besede: kinesiology, force, synergy, legs, bilateral deficit, symmetry
Objavljeno v RUP: 15.10.2013; Ogledov: 41278; Prenosov: 249
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