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The impact of bicycle configuration on cycling biomechanics : a brief narrative reviewNika Klaužer,
Žiga Kozinc, 2026, professional article
Abstract: This brief narrative review examined the effects of bicycle configuration on cycling biomechanics, with particular emphasis on saddle height, saddle fore–aft position, and frame geometry. Relevant peer-reviewed studies that experimentally manipulated bicycle settings and assessed biomechanical outcomes were identified and narratively synthesized. The available evidence indicates that saddle height has the clearest influence on lower-limb kinematics, particularly at the knee and hip, and may also affect joint loading, pedal-force effectiveness, and mechanical efficiency. Lower saddle positions generally increase knee flexion and may increase local knee loading, whereas higher positions promote greater lower-limb extension, although their effects on metabolic economy are not consistent. Saddle fore–aft position primarily alters the distribution of mechanical work between the hip and knee, with a more rearward position generally increasing hip contribution and force effectiveness, but potentially increasing loading of posterior and lateral soft-tissue structures. Changes in frame geometry appear to have smaller effects on global biomechanical outcomes, although they may modify muscle activation and movement strategy. Overall, bicycle configuration should not be optimized according to a single biomechanical criterion. Rather, bike fitting should balance performance, comfort, metabolic demands, and potential injury risk, while accounting for the cyclist’s anthropometry, mobility, experience, and specific goals
Keywords: cycling, biomechanics, kinesiology
Published in RUP: 31.07.2026; Views: 487; Downloads: 18
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